Estudio de calidad de vida y adherencia al tratamiento en pacientes de 2 a 16 años con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 en Andalucía / Study of the quality of life and adherence to treatment in patients from 2 to 16 years-old with type 1 diabetes mellitus in Andalusia, Spain

INTRODUCCIÓN: La diabetes mellitus 1 es la segunda enfermedad crónica y el trastorno endocrino-metabólico más frecuente en la infancia. Se estima una prevalencia entre 1,1 y 1,4/1000 menores de 15 años. En Andalucía la prevalencia es mayor (1,7 por mil). El objetivo del estudio es analizar la calidad de vida y adherencia al tratamiento, centrándonos en la población pediátrica de Andalucía. MÉTODOS: Estudio analítico observacional transversal multicéntrico. La muestra fue de 178 pacientes de seis hospitales con Endocrinología Pediátrica. A cada paciente se le entregaron dos cuestionarios; la encuesta de calidad de vida (PedsQL versión 3.0) y adherencia al tratamiento SCI-R. Además, se recogieron datos demográficos, clínicos, del control metabólico, y complicaciones. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvieron niveles altos tanto en la adherencia como en la calidad de vida. La primera se relacionó de forma inversa con la edad y la HbA1c, aunque el coeficiente fue tan bajo que no permite sacar conclusiones significativas. La calidad de vida se asoció con el uso de sistema de monitorización continua de glucosa en tiempo real (MCG-TR) integrado con ISCI, así como con menos hipoglucemias graves y complicaciones renales. La HbA1c media fue 7,1%. El 12,9% de los pacientes usaban ISCI. El 83,2% empleaban exclusivamente la glucemia capilar, mientras que el 16,8% usaba algún dispositivo de monitorización de glucosa intersticial. CONCLUSIONES: Se trata del primer estudio realizado en Andalucía que analiza la calidad de vida en pacientes pediátricos. Los resultados muestran niveles altos de adherencia y de calidad de vida, además de un buen control metabólico

INTRODUCTION: Diabetes mellitus 1 is the second most frequent chronic disease, and the most frequent endocrine-metabolic disorder in childhood. The estimated prevalence is between 1.1 and 1.4 / 1000 children under 15 years years-old. In Andalusia the prevalence is higher (1.7 per thousand). The objective of the study is to evaluate health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and adherence to treatment, specifically in the paediatric population of Andalusia. METHODS: A multicentre cross-sectional observational analytical study was conducted on a sample of 178 patients from six hospitals with a Paediatric Endocrinology Unit. Each patient received two questionnaires; quality of life (PedsQL version 3.0) and adherence to the self-care recommendations (SCI-R) treatment. The demographic, clinical, metabolic control data, and possible complications were also collected. RESULTS: High levels were obtained in both adherence and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Adherence was inversely related to age and HbA1c. The health-related quality of life (HRQoL) was associated with the use of a continuous real-time glucose monitoring system (MCG-TR) combined with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), as well as with a lower number of severe hypoglycaemia and renal complications. The mean HbA1c was 7.1%. 12,9% of patients used ISCI. 83.2% used capillary glycemia exclusively, while 16.8% used some interstitial glucose monitoring device. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study in Andalusia that analyzes the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of pediatric patients. The results show high levels of adherence and health-related quality of life (HRQoL), as well as good metabolic control

[Study of the quality of life and adherence to treatment in patients from 2 to 16 years-old with type 1 diabetes mellitus in Andalusia, Spain]. / Estudio de calidad de vida y adherencia al tratamiento en pacientes de 2 a 16 años con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 en Andalucía.

INTRODUCTION: Diabetes mellitus 1 is the second most frequent chronic disease, and the most frequent endocrine-metabolic disorder in childhood. The estimated prevalence is between 1.1 and 1.4 / 1000 children under 15 years years-old. In Andalusia the prevalence is higher (1.7 per thousand). The objective of the study is to evaluate health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and adherence to treatment, specifically in the paediatric population of Andalusia. METHODS: A multicentre cross-sectional observational analytical study was conducted on a sample of 178 patients from six hospitals with a Paediatric Endocrinology Unit. Each patient received two questionnaires; quality of life (PedsQL version 3.0) and adherence to the self-care recommendations (SCI-R) treatment. The demographic, clinical, metabolic control data, and possible complications were also collected. RESULTS: High levels were obtained in both adherence and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Adherence was inversely related to age and HbA1c. The health-related quality of life (HRQoL) was associated with the use of a continuous real-time glucose monitoring system (MCG-TR) combined with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), as well as with a lower number of severe hypoglycaemia and renal complications. The mean HbA1c was 7.1%. 12,9% of patients used ISCI. 83.2% used capillary glycemia exclusively, while 16.8% used some interstitial glucose monitoring device. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study in Andalusia that analyzes the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of pediatric patients. The results show high levels of adherence and health-related quality of life (HRQoL), as well as good metabolic control.

Revisión de la evolución de los pacientes con hipertirotropinemia y estudio de costes / Review of the natural course of subclinical hypothyroidism and study of its costs

Introducción: La hipertirotropinemia aislada se describe como un a elevación de la hormona estimulante del tiroides (TSH) con niveles normales de hormonas tiroideas y autoinmunidad negativa en pacientes asintomáticos y sin hallazgos en la exploración. Dado el aumento no justificado del análisis de la función tiroidea en niños asintomáticos, el objetivo principal es analizar la evolución de estos pacientes. Como objetivo secundario se realiza un análisis de costes asociado. Material y métodos: Estudio longitudinal observacional retrospectivo de los pacientes derivados a endocrinología de un hospital de tercer nivel por hipertirotropinemia aislada (TSH 5-20 mUI/l). Se recogieron variables clínicas, analíticas, número de visitas hasta el alta, necesidad de tratamiento, tiempo de seguimiento, así como variables económicas. Resultados: Se obtuvo una muestra de 155 pacientes, con edad media de 7,8 años ± 3,6 DE. La derivación a endocrinología representó el 4% de las consultas de primera visita. La cifra media de TSH inicial fue de 7,8 mU/l (5,03-15,8 mU/l). Los niveles de TSH se normalizaron tras la primera repetición durante el mes posterior, en el 60% de los casos. En un intervalo máximo de 3años fueron dados de alta el 83,6%, con un seguimiento medio de 8,14 ± 6,8 meses y 2,4 visitas/paciente. Se obtuvo un coste medio de 251,27 €/paciente (rango 143,49-444,21 €). Conclusión: Es fundamental no generar alarma familiar ante una hipertirotropinemia, dado que se trata de una situación bioquímica que, en la mayoría de los casos, se normaliza. Este hecho, junto con el coste medio derivado de la asistencia especializada, pone de manifiesto que el primer paso debería ser la repetición de la misma en atención primaria

Introduction: Subclinical hypothyroidism is defined as elevation of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, with normal thyroid hormone levels and negative autoimmunity, in asymptomatic patients with no findings on examination. Because of the unwarranted increase in thyroid function tests in asymptomatic children, the main objective of this review was to analyze the course of these patients. Analysis of associated costs was a secondary objective. Material and methods: A longitudinal, observational, retrospective study of patients referred to the endocrinology department of a tertiary hospital for high TSH levels (TSH 5-20 mIU/L). Clinical and laboratory variables, number of visits until discharge, need for treatment, monitoring time, and economic variables were collected. Results: The study sample consisted of 155 patients with a mean age of 7.8 years ± 3.6SD. Referrals to endocrinology accounted for 4% of first office visits. Baseline mean TSH level was 7.8 mU/L (5.03-15.8 mU/L). TSH levels normalized after the first repeated measurement during the subsequent month in 60% of cases. A total of 83.6% of patients were discharged within a maximum of 3years, with a mean follow-up of 8.14 ± 6.8 months and 2.4 visits/patient. Average cost per patient was € 251.27 (range € 143.49-444.21). Conclusion: It is essential not to alarm the family when subclinical hypothyroidism is detected, because this is a biochemical situation which normalizes in most cases. This fact, together with the mean cost of specialized care, suggests that the first step should be repeated TSH measurements in primary care

Estudio de costes directos de la diabetes mellitus tipo 1 en pacientes entre 2 y 16 años en Andalucía / Study of direct costs of type 1 diabetes mellitus in Andalusian patients aged 2-16 years

Introducción: La diabetes mellitus tipo 1 es la segunda enfermedad crónica y el trastorno endocrino-metabólico más frecuente en la infancia. El objetivo de este estudio es realizar una estimación del coste directo de la diabetes mellitus tipo 1 en Andalucía, en pacientes pediátricos. Metodología: Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, observacional multicéntrico realizado durante 6 meses consecutivos de 2017-2018, partiendo de una muestra de 220 pacientes, procedentes de 6 centros hospitalarios de Andalucía. Se recogieron variables demográficas, variables relacionadas con el control metabólico, uso de sistemas de monitorización continua de glucosa, hemoglobina glucosilada media, episodios de hipoglucemias graves o cetoacidosis, comorbilidades y complicaciones existentes, así como los costes directos sanitarios; englobando los costes de medicación, materiales, determinaciones analíticas, pruebas complementarias y los relacionados con la asistencia sanitaria tanto hospitalaria como extrahospitalaria. Resultados: Se obtuvo una muestra de 178 pacientes. La edad media al diagnóstico fue de 6 años y los años de evolución de la enfermedad de 4,69 (0,29 DE) años. La hemoglobina glucosilada media fue de 7,06%, encontrándose el 25% por encima de 7,5%. El coste medio anual estimado por paciente fue de 4.720,4 €. El derivado de las insulinas (2.212,9 €) y el material para la administración de la misma y monitorización de la glucemia (1.518 €) supusieron el mayor porcentaje del gasto (79,1%). No se detecta asociación entre el control metabólico, comorbilidades y el coste de la enfermedad. Conclusión: Este estudio demuestra un coste directo asociado a la DM en edad pediátrica en Andalucía de aproximadamente 4.700 € por paciente

Introduction: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) is the second leading chronic disease and the most common endocrine-metabolic disorder in childhood. The study objective was to estimate the direct cost of T1DM in pediatric patients in Andalusia. Methodology: A descriptive, observational, multicenter study was conducted during six consecutive months of 2017-2018 on a sample of 220 patients from 6 hospitals in Andalusia. Variables collected included demographic characteristics, metabolic control parameters, glucose levels, use of continuous monitoring systems, mean HbA1c levels, episodes of severe hypoglycemia and ketoacidosis, comorbidities and complications, as well as direct healthcare costs, including costs of drugs, materials, laboratory tests, and supplemental tests, as well as those derived from both inpatient and outpatient care. Results: The study sample consisted of 178 patients. Mean age at diagnosis was 6 years, and mean disease duration was 4.69 (0.29 SD) years. Mean HbA1c level was 7.06%, and 25% of patients had values higher than 7.5%. The estimated annual cost per patient was € 4,720.4. Cost derived from use of insulins (€ 2,212.9) and materials for insulin administration and blood glucose monitoring (€ 1,518) accounted for greatest proportion of cost (79.1%). No association was found between metabolic control, comorbidities, or complications and cost of disease. Conclusion: This study has shown a direct cost associated to T1DM in Andalusian children of approximately € 4,700 per patient

Salidas laborales de los residentes de Pediatría. Datos del periodo 2014-2017 / Employment outcomes of residents of Paediatrics, 2014-2017 period

Introducción: dada la escasez de pediatras de nuestro sistema de salud y la necesidad de estos en Atención Primaria, donde cerca del 25% de las plazas están ocupadas por no especialistas en Pediatría, se quiso conocer el destino laboral inicial de los residentes que habían finalizado su periodo de formación en los últimos cuatro años. Metodología: se han recogido las salidas laborales de los residentes que han finalizado su periodo de rotación durante los años 2014-2017 en los hospitales españoles. La recogida se ha realizado por medio de los representantes de residentes de las comunidades autónomas y los vocales autonómicos de la Asociación de Pediatría de Atención Primaria. Resultados: se han recogido datos de las salidas laborales del 75,7% de los residentes, lo que supone conocer el destino laboral de 1263 residentes de los últimos cuatro años. La elección de Atención Primaria en el transcurso de estos años ha disminuido del 30,77 al 24,5%; igualmente han disminuido los trabajos en hospitalización o consultas hospitalarias que han descendido de un 43,8 a un 32,85%, mientras que la realización de guardias o cobertura de Urgencias ha aumentado y también ha subido el porcentaje de los que se dedican a la medicina privada. Conclusiones: el porcentaje de residentes que acude a Atención Primaria es insuficiente. El trabajo del pediatra está siendo de peor calidad, con aumento de los contratos de guardias y Urgencias. Está aumentando el porcentaje de residentes que se dirigen hacia la sanidad privada

Introduction: given the shortage of paediatricians in the Spanish health care system and the high demand for them in primary care, where approximately 25% of positions are filled by non-specialists in paediatrics, we wanted to know the initial employment destination of residents who had finished his training period in the last 4 years. Methodology: the work exits of residents who have completed their rotation period during the years 2014-2017 in Spanish hospitals have been collected. The collection was made through the representatives of residents of autonomous communities and auton mous members of the Primary Care Pediatric Association. Results: data were collected on the work exits of 75.7% of the residents, which means knowing the employment destination of 1263 residents of the last 4 years. The choice of primary care during these years has decreased from 30.77 to 24.5%, while hospitalization or hospital consultations have decreased from 43.8 to 32.85%, while the realization of guards or emergency coverage has increased and the percentage of those who dedicate themselves to private medicine has also increased. Conclusions: the percentage of residents who attend primary care is insufficient. The work of pediatrician is being of worse quality, with increased contracts of guards and emergencies. The percentage of residents heading towards private healthcare is increasing

Study of direct costs of type 1 diabetes mellitus in Andalusian patients aged 2-16 years. / Estudio de costes directos de la diabetes mellitus tipo 1 en pacientes entre 2 y 16 años en Andalucía.

INTRODUCTION: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) is the second leading chronic disease and the most common endocrine-metabolic disorder in childhood. The study objective was to estimate the direct cost of T1DM in pediatric patients in Andalusia. METHODOLOGY: A descriptive, observational, multicenter study was conducted during six consecutive months of 2017-2018 on a sample of 220 patients from 6 hospitals in Andalusia. Variables collected included demographic characteristics, metabolic control parameters, glucose levels, use of continuous monitoring systems, mean HbA1c levels, episodes of severe hypoglycemia and ketoacidosis, comorbidities and complications, as well as direct healthcare costs, including costs of drugs, materials, laboratory tests, and supplemental tests, as well as those derived from both inpatient and outpatient care. RESULTS: The study sample consisted of 178 patients. Mean age at diagnosis was 6 years, and mean disease duration was 4.69 (0.29 SD) years. Mean HbA1c level was 7.06%, and 25% of patients had values higher than 7.5%. The estimated annual cost per patient was € 4,720.4. Cost derived from use of insulins (€ 2,212.9) and materials for insulin administration and blood glucose monitoring (€ 1,518) accounted for greatest proportion of cost (79.1%). No association was found between metabolic control, comorbidities, or complications and cost of disease. CONCLUSION: This study has shown a direct cost associated to T1DM in Andalusian children of approximately € 4,700 per patient.

Review of the natural course of subclinical hypothyroidism and study of its costs. / Revisión de la evolución de los pacientes con hipertirotropinemia y estudio de costes.

INTRODUCTION: Subclinical hypothyroidism is defined as elevation of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, with normal thyroid hormone levels and negative autoimmunity, in asymptomatic patients with no findings on examination. Because of the unwarranted increase in thyroid function tests in asymptomatic children, the main objective of this review was to analyze the course of these patients. Analysis of associated costs was a secondary objective. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A longitudinal, observational, retrospective study of patients referred to the endocrinology department of a tertiary hospital for high TSH levels (TSH 5-20mIU/L). Clinical and laboratory variables, number of visits until discharge, need for treatment, monitoring time, and economic variables were collected. RESULTS: The study sample consisted of 155 patients with a mean age of 7.8years ±3.6SD. Referrals to endocrinology accounted for 4% of first office visits. Baseline mean TSH level was 7.8mU/L (5.03-15.8mU/L). TSH levels normalized after the first repeated measurement during the subsequent month in 60% of cases. A total of 83.6% of patients were discharged within a maximum of 3years, with a mean follow-up of 8.14 ±6.8months and 2.4visits/patient. Average cost per patient was €251.27 (range €143.49-444.21). CONCLUSION: It is essential not to alarm the family when subclinical hypothyroidism is detected, because this is a biochemical situation which normalizes in most cases. This fact, together with the mean cost of specialized care, suggests that the first step should be repeated TSH measurements in primary care.

Monitorización del tratamiento del hipogonadismo hipogonadotropo en el lactante / Monitoring of the treatment of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in the infant

No disponible

Hipertensión intracraneal idiopática: casuística y revisión de la bibliografía / Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: epidemiology and current literature review

Introducción: se analizan las características de la hipertensión intracraneal idiopática; clínica al inicio, pruebas realizadas, tratamiento y evolución que presentaron. Material y métodos: estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de los pacientes diagnosticados de hipertensión intracraneal idiopática en los últimos siete años (2011-2017) en un hospital de tercer nivel. Resultados: se estudiaron 40 pacientes (55% mujeres) con una edad media de 9,6 años. Como factores asociados, el 5% seguían tratamiento con hormona del crecimiento. Solo el 25% presentaban sobrepeso u obesidad. El síntoma principal fue cefalea opresiva, asociando vómitos (27,5%) o alteraciones visuales (22%). Tres pacientes presentaron hallazgo casual de papiledema bilateral. La exploración física fue anodina (65%), se observó estrabismo por parálisis del VI par craneal (35%). Presentaron papiledema el 62,5%. La campimetría solo se realizó en el 55% de los pacientes y estaba alterada en el 50% de estos. El tiempo hasta el diagnóstico fue 44,8 días. Obtuvimos una presión de apertura media 29,7 cm H2O (± 8,2). Se realizó tomografía computarizada al 85% de los pacientes y fue normal en el 88,2% de estos. Se hizo resonancia magnética craneal al 7,5%, y fue normal en el 70% de estos. Se practico angio-RM al 5%, y fue normal en todos los casos. Se solicitó analítica, con función renal y hepática (62,5%, todos normal), hormonal (65%), estudio de trombofilias y autoinmunidad (10% y 20% respectivamente, anodinas). Se inició tratamiento con acetazolamida (95%), y hubo que añadir corticoterapia por falta de respuesta en el 24% de los casos. En el 5% se autolimitó espontáneamente. Como último escalón, el 7,5% requirió válvula de derivación lumboperitoneal. Evolucionaron favorablemente el 95%, con recidivas en el 15% de los casos. El tiempo medio hasta la resolución fue de 3,9 meses. Conclusión: el diagnóstico y tratamiento precoz de la hipertensión intracraneal idiopática es importante para evitar posibles secuelas irreversibles. El estudio oftalmológico, especialmente la campimetría, es esencial para el diagnóstico, seguimiento y determinación de la agresividad del tratamiento

Introduction: the characteristics of idiopathic intracranial hypertension are analyzed; epidemiology, clinic at the beginning, tests performed, treatment and evolution that presented the analyzed cases. Material and methods: a retrospective descriptive study was conducted on patients with idiopathic intracra­nial hypertension in the last seven years (2011-2017), in a third level hospital. Results: forty patients (55% women) were studied, with a mean age of 9.6 years. As associated factors, 5% had a treatment with growth hormone. It is important to note that only 25% were overweight or obese. The main symptom was oppressive headache, without predominance hours, associating vomiting (27.5%), or visual alterations (22%). Three asymptomatic patients presented a chance finding of bilateral papilledema. The physical examination was anodyne (65%), showing strabismus due to cranial nerve palsy VI (35%). 62,5% presented papilledema, and the campimetry was only performed in 55% of the patients, altered in 50% of them. The time to diagnosis was 44.8 days. We obtained an average opening pressure of 29.7 cm H2O (± 8.2). CT was performed (85%), being normal (88.2%). MRI of the skull (7.5%), normal (70%). Angio-NMR (5%), all normal. Analytical was requested, with renal and hepatic function (62.5%, all normal), hormonal (65%), thrombophilic study and autoimmunity (10% and 20% respectively, anodyne). Treatment was started with acetazolamide (95%), requiring the addition of corticotherapy due to lack of response 24%. In 5%, it spontaneously self-limited. As a last step, 7.5% required a lumboperitoneal bypass valve. They evolved favora­bly 95%, relapsing 15%. Redialing the average time to resolution was 3.9 months. Conclusion: idiopathic intracranial hypertension is rare, but its diagnosis and early treatment is essential to avoid possible irreversible sequelae. The ophthalmological study, by fundus and especially campimetry, is es­sential for the diagnosis, monitoring and determination of the aggressiveness of the treatment

¿Cómo duermen nuestros niños? Análisis de los trastornos del sueño en niños / How do our children sleep? Analysis of sleep disorders in children

Introducción: dada la importancia de los trastornos del sueño en la infancia, el objetivo de nuestro estudio es conocer la prevalencia de estos en la población sana. Material y métodos: es un estudio observacional transversal descriptivo. Se realizó en el centro de Atención Primaria Las Delicias de Málaga (España). Se partió de una población a estudio correspondiente a los niños de dicho centro con edades comprendidas entre 2 y 14 años; de 2423 pacientes se seleccionaron 225, lo que constituye una muestra con una precisión del 5% y una proporción esperada del 30%. Se realizó una encuesta de preguntas con elección múltiple mediante la escala validada de trastornos del sueño de Bruni (Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children). Además, se recogieron otras variables como la presencia de patología respiratoria o el uso frecuente de aerosolterapia, para analizar si dichos pacientes con problemas respiratorios presentaban mayor prevalencia de trastornos del sueño, por posibles efectos secundarios de dicha medicación. Resultados: el 61% del total presentó algún tipo de trastorno del sueño, predominando los problemas del sueño-vigilia (38%), seguidos por los problemas respiratorios tipo síndrome de apneas-hipopneas del sueño (18%). Presentaron problemas de inicio del sueño el 17%, hiperhidrosis el 15%, problemas del arousal el 13% y somnolencia diurna excesiva el 10%. El 23% de los niños tardan más de 30 minutos en dormirse. Conclusiones: nuestro estudio confirma una alta prevalencia de problemas del sueño en la edad pediátrica. Por tanto, el papel del pediatra en este ámbito es de gran importancia

Introduction: due the potential impact of sleep disorders in children, the aim of our study was to determine their prevalence in the healthy population. Materials and methods: we conducted a cross-sectional observational descriptive study. The setting was the Delicias Primary Care Centre in Malaga (Spain). The study universe was the catchment population of this centre aged 2 to 14 years; out of the 2423 eligible patients, we selected 225, a sample size with a precision of 5%, assuming a proportion of 30%. We conducted a survey by applying a validated questionnaire with items rated on a Likert scale, the Bruni Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children. We also collected data for other variables, such as the presence of respiratory disease or the frequent use of aerosol therapy, to assess whether the prevalence of sleep disorders was higher in patients with respiratory problems due to the potential side effects of their medication. Results: we found an overall prevalence of sleep disorders of 61% in our sample, with a predominance of sleep-wake transition disorders (38%), followed for sleep breathing disorders (18%). We found problems with sleep initiation in 17%, hyperhidrosis in 15%, disorders of arousal in 13% and excessive daytime sleepiness in 10%. Sleep latency lasted longer than 30 minutes in 23% of the sample. Sleep latency lasted more than 30 minutes in 23% of children. Conclusions: our study confirms that there is a high prevalence of sleep problems in the paediatric age group. Therefore, the role of the paediatrician in this aspect is of great importance